Researchers found that older Americans fall into five major diet groups that are linked to significant differences in nutrition quality, food security, and overall health.
The study analyzed data from 5,062 Americans age 60 and older collected through the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between 2013 and 2018.
The study found that one of the largest diet groups among seniors consisted mainly of smoothies, soups, juices, and grain drinks. The researchers said those foods are often easier for older adults with physical limitations or health problems to prepare and consume.
That group made up 53% of participants and had some of the lowest protein and calorie intake levels.
Another group centered around yogurt and cooked cereals recorded the highest overall diet quality scores. Researchers said those participants were more likely to maintain healthier body weight levels.
Two other diet patterns were linked to lower-quality eating habits. One group relied heavily on cured meats, pastries, and sandwiches. Another consumed large amounts of meats, quick breads, and alcohol. Both patterns resembled a typical Western-style diet and were more common among obese men between ages 60 and 69 who smoked.
The study also identified a smaller group that followed a diet rich in vegetables and seafood. Researchers said that pattern closely resembled a Mediterranean-style diet and was associated with some of the best health outcomes in the study.
That group also showed the lowest levels of food insecurity.
Researchers examined both economic and physical barriers to food access. Physical food insecurity includes limitations that make shopping, cooking, or preparing meals more difficult for older adults.
The findings showed that lower-income seniors and adults with lower education levels were more likely to consume soft or liquid-heavy foods. Researchers said those individuals also reported poorer overall health and higher rates of hypertension.
The authors argued that improving nutrition among older Americans will require more than simply encouraging healthier eating habits. They said policymakers and healthcare providers should focus on affordability, access to healthy meals, and support for seniors with physical limitations.
Researchers also said routine screening for food insecurity could help identify vulnerable older adults earlier and improve long-term health outcomes.